Editorial Board
Editors in Chief
Bill Albert Bentley University
Jim Lewis IBM
Editorial Reviewers
Obead Alhadreti Umm Al-Qura University
Carol Barnum UX Firm
Jason Buhle AnswerLab and University of Southern California
Roberto Champney Louisiana State University
Christina Choi Georgia Institute of Technology
Gilbert Cockton Northumbria University
Richard Cordes IBM
Ralph Cullen Workday
Steven de la Vaux U.S. Bank
Jonathan Ericson Bentley University
Jean Fox US Bureau of Labor Statistics
Erin Friess University of North Texas
Douglas J. Gillan North Carolina State University
Morten Hertzum University of Copenhagen
Tharon Howard Clemson University
William Hudson Syntagm Ltd
Wonil Hwang Soongsil University
Philip Kortum Rice University
Caroline Jarrett Effortmark Ltd.
Mary Lalomia Facebook
Mary Lee NetApp
Beth Loring Loring Human Factors, LLC
Jen McGinn Veracode
Barbara Millet University of Miami
Ginny Redish Independent consultant
Carol Righi 1904labs
Bernard Rummel SAP SE
Jeff Sauro MeasuringU
Bob Schumacher Bold Insight Inc
Carol Smith Uber ATG
Carolyn Snyder Snyder Consulting
Ken Stern IBM (Retired)
Sarah J. Swierenga Michigan State University
Brian Traynor Mount Royal University
Brian Utesch IBM
Brian Wentz Shippensburg University
Han Zhang Amazon
Editorial Assistant
Sarah Harris Juvo Editing and Indexing Services, LLC
Production and Website
Josh Rosenberg DonorsChoose.org
UXPA Director of Publications
Claudia Gutierrez Universidad Católica de Chile
Editors in Chief Emeritus
Avi Parush (Founding Editor) Carleton University and Technion – Israel Institute of Technology
Joe Dumas Oracle
Marilyn Tremaine Rutgers University
Acknowledgements
The Journal of Usability Studies extends a special thank you to Susan Dray, Arnie Lund, Ginny Redish, Jakob Nielsen, and Jeff Rubin, whose guidance helped get JUS off the ground and evolve into what it has become today.
Editors in Chief
Bill Albert Bentley University
Jim Lewis IBM
Editorial Reviewers
Obead Alhadreti Umm Al-Qura University
Carol Barnum UX Firm
Jason Buhle AnswerLab and University of Southern California
Roberto Champney Louisiana State University
Christina Choi Georgia Institute of Technology
Gilbert Cockton Northumbria University
Richard Cordes IBM
Ralph Cullen Workday
Steven de la Vaux U.S. Bank
Jonathan Ericson Bentley University
Jean Fox US Bureau of Labor Statistics
Erin Friess University of North Texas
Douglas J. Gillan North Carolina State University
Morten Hertzum University of Copenhagen
Tharon Howard Clemson University
William Hudson Syntagm Ltd
Wonil Hwang Soongsil University
Philip Kortum Rice University
Caroline Jarrett Effortmark Ltd.
Mary Lalomia Facebook
Mary Lee NetApp
Beth Loring Loring Human Factors, LLC
Jen McGinn Veracode
Barbara Millet University of Miami
Ginny Redish Independent consultant
Carol Righi 1904labs
Bernard Rummel SAP SE
Jeff Sauro MeasuringU
Bob Schumacher Bold Insight Inc
Carol Smith Uber ATG
Carolyn Snyder Snyder Consulting
Ken Stern IBM (Retired)
Sarah J. Swierenga Michigan State University
Brian Traynor Mount Royal University
Brian Utesch IBM
Brian Wentz Shippensburg University
Han Zhang Amazon
Editorial Assistant
Sarah Harris Juvo Editing and Indexing Services, LLC
Production and Website
Josh Rosenberg DonorsChoose.org
UXPA Director of Publications
Claudia Gutierrez Universidad Católica de Chile
Editors in Chief Emeritus
Avi Parush (Founding Editor) Carleton University and Technion – Israel Institute of Technology
Joe Dumas Oracle
Marilyn Tremaine Rutgers University
Acknowledgements
The Journal of Usability Studies extends a special thank you to Susan Dray, Arnie Lund, Ginny Redish, Jakob Nielsen, and Jeff Rubin, whose guidance helped get JUS off the ground and evolve into what it has become today.
Editors in Chief
Bill Albert Bentley University
Jim Lewis IBM
Editorial Reviewers
Obead Alhadreti Umm Al-Qura University
Carol Barnum UX Firm
Jason Buhle AnswerLab and University of Southern California
Roberto Champney Louisiana State University
Christina Choi Georgia Institute of Technology
Gilbert Cockton Northumbria University
Richard Cordes IBM
Ralph Cullen Workday
Steven de la Vaux U.S. Bank
Jonathan Ericson Bentley University
Jean Fox US Bureau of Labor Statistics
Erin Friess University of North Texas
Douglas J. Gillan North Carolina State University
Morten Hertzum University of Copenhagen
Tharon Howard Clemson University
William Hudson Syntagm Ltd
Wonil Hwang Soongsil University
Philip Kortum Rice University
Caroline Jarrett Effortmark Ltd.
Mary Lalomia Facebook
Mary Lee NetApp
Beth Loring Loring Human Factors, LLC
Jen McGinn Veracode
Barbara Millet University of Miami
Ginny Redish Independent consultant
Carol Righi 1904labs
Bernard Rummel SAP SE
Jeff Sauro MeasuringU
Bob Schumacher Bold Insight Inc
Carol Smith Uber ATG
Carolyn Snyder Snyder Consulting
Ken Stern IBM (Retired)
Sarah J. Swierenga Michigan State University
Brian Traynor Mount Royal University
Brian Utesch IBM
Brian Wentz Shippensburg University
Han Zhang Amazon
Editorial Assistant
Sarah Harris Juvo Editing and Indexing Services, LLC
Production and Website
Josh Rosenberg DonorsChoose.org
UXPA Director of Publications
Claudia Gutierrez Universidad Católica de Chile
Editors in Chief Emeritus
Avi Parush (Founding Editor) Carleton University and Technion – Israel Institute of Technology
Joe Dumas Oracle
Marilyn Tremaine Rutgers University
Acknowledgements
The Journal of Usability Studies extends a special thank you to Susan Dray, Arnie Lund, Ginny Redish, Jakob Nielsen, and Jeff Rubin, whose guidance helped get JUS off the ground and evolve into what it has become today.
Editors in Chief
Bill Albert Bentley University
Jim Lewis IBM
Editorial Reviewers
Obead Alhadreti Umm Al-Qura University
Carol Barnum UX Firm
Jason Buhle AnswerLab and University of Southern California
Roberto Champney Louisiana State University
Christina Choi Georgia Institute of Technology
Gilbert Cockton Northumbria University
Richard Cordes IBM
Ralph Cullen Workday
Steven de la Vaux U.S. Bank
Jonathan Ericson Bentley University
Jean Fox US Bureau of Labor Statistics
Erin Friess University of North Texas
Douglas J. Gillan North Carolina State University
Morten Hertzum University of Copenhagen
Tharon Howard Clemson University
William Hudson Syntagm Ltd
Wonil Hwang Soongsil University
Philip Kortum Rice University
Caroline Jarrett Effortmark Ltd.
Mary Lalomia Facebook
Mary Lee NetApp
Beth Loring Loring Human Factors, LLC
Jen McGinn Veracode
Barbara Millet University of Miami
Ginny Redish Independent consultant
Carol Righi 1904labs
Bernard Rummel SAP SE
Jeff Sauro MeasuringU
Bob Schumacher Bold Insight Inc
Carol Smith Uber ATG
Carolyn Snyder Snyder Consulting
Ken Stern IBM (Retired)
Sarah J. Swierenga Michigan State University
Brian Traynor Mount Royal University
Brian Utesch IBM
Brian Wentz Shippensburg University
Han Zhang Amazon
Editorial Assistant
Sarah Harris Juvo Editing and Indexing Services, LLC
Production and Website
Josh Rosenberg DonorsChoose.org
UXPA Director of Publications
Claudia Gutierrez Universidad Católica de Chile
Editors in Chief Emeritus
Avi Parush (Founding Editor) Carleton University and Technion – Israel Institute of Technology
Joe Dumas Oracle
Marilyn Tremaine Rutgers University
Acknowledgements
The Journal of Usability Studies extends a special thank you to Susan Dray, Arnie Lund, Ginny Redish, Jakob Nielsen, and Jeff Rubin, whose guidance helped get JUS off the ground and evolve into what it has become today.
Editors in Chief
Bill Albert Bentley University
Jim Lewis IBM
Editorial Reviewers
Obead Alhadreti Umm Al-Qura University
Carol Barnum UX Firm
Jason Buhle AnswerLab and University of Southern California
Roberto Champney Louisiana State University
Christina Choi Georgia Institute of Technology
Gilbert Cockton Northumbria University
Richard Cordes IBM
Ralph Cullen Workday
Steven de la Vaux U.S. Bank
Jonathan Ericson Bentley University
Jean Fox US Bureau of Labor Statistics
Erin Friess University of North Texas
Douglas J. Gillan North Carolina State University
Morten Hertzum University of Copenhagen
Tharon Howard Clemson University
William Hudson Syntagm Ltd
Wonil Hwang Soongsil University
Philip Kortum Rice University
Caroline Jarrett Effortmark Ltd.
Mary Lalomia Facebook
Mary Lee NetApp
Beth Loring Loring Human Factors, LLC
Jen McGinn Veracode
Barbara Millet University of Miami
Ginny Redish Independent consultant
Carol Righi 1904labs
Bernard Rummel SAP SE
Jeff Sauro MeasuringU
Bob Schumacher Bold Insight Inc
Carol Smith Uber ATG
Carolyn Snyder Snyder Consulting
Ken Stern IBM (Retired)
Sarah J. Swierenga Michigan State University
Brian Traynor Mount Royal University
Brian Utesch IBM
Brian Wentz Shippensburg University
Han Zhang Amazon
Editorial Assistant
Sarah Harris Juvo Editing and Indexing Services, LLC
Production and Website
Josh Rosenberg DonorsChoose.org
UXPA Director of Publications
Claudia Gutierrez Universidad Católica de Chile
Editors in Chief Emeritus
Avi Parush (Founding Editor) Carleton University and Technion – Israel Institute of Technology
Joe Dumas Oracle
Marilyn Tremaine Rutgers University
Acknowledgements
The Journal of Usability Studies extends a special thank you to Susan Dray, Arnie Lund, Ginny Redish, Jakob Nielsen, and Jeff Rubin, whose guidance helped get JUS off the ground and evolve into what it has become today.
Editors in Chief
Bill Albert Bentley University
Jim Lewis IBM
Editorial Reviewers
Obead Alhadreti Umm Al-Qura University
Carol Barnum UX Firm
Jason Buhle AnswerLab and University of Southern California
Roberto Champney Louisiana State University
Christina Choi Georgia Institute of Technology
Gilbert Cockton Northumbria University
Richard Cordes IBM
Ralph Cullen State Farm
Steven de la Vaux U.S. Bank
Jonathan Ericson Bentley University
Jean Fox US Bureau of Labor Statistics
Erin Friess University of North Texas
Douglas J. Gillan North Carolina State University
Morten Hertzum University of Copenhagen
Tharon Howard Clemson University
William Hudson Syntagm Ltd
Wonil Hwang Soongsil University
Philip Kortum Rice University
Caroline Jarrett Effortmark Ltd.
Mary Lalomia Facebook
Mary Lee NetApp
Beth Loring Loring Human Factors, LLC
Jen McGinn Veracode
Barbara Millet University of Miami
Ginny Redish Independent consultant
Carol Righi 1904labs
Bernard Rummel SAP SE
Jeff Sauro MeasuringU
Bob Schumacher Bold Insight Inc
Carol Smith Uber ATG
Carolyn Snyder Snyder Consulting
Ken Stern IBM (Retired)
Sarah J. Swierenga Michigan State University
Brian Traynor Mount Royal University
Brian Utesch IBM
Brian Wentz Shippensburg University
Han Zhang Amazon
Editorial Assistant
Sarah Harris Juvo Editing and Indexing Services, LLC
Production and Website
Josh Rosenberg DonorsChoose.org
UXPA Director of Publications
Claudia Gutierrez Universidad Católica de Chile
Editors in Chief Emeritus
Avi Parush (Founding Editor) Carleton University and Technion – Israel Institute of Technology
Joe Dumas Oracle
Marilyn Tremaine Rutgers University
Acknowledgements
The Journal of Usability Studies extends a special thank you to Susan Dray, Arnie Lund, Ginny Redish, Jakob Nielsen, and Jeff Rubin, whose guidance helped get JUS off the ground and evolve into what it has become today.
Editors in Chief
Bill Albert Bentley University
Jim Lewis IBM
Editorial Reviewers
Obead Alhadreti Umm Al-Qura University
Carol Barnum UX Firm
Jason Buhle AnswerLab and University of Southern California
Roberto Champney Louisiana State University
Christina Choi Georgia Institute of Technology
Gilbert Cockton Northumbria University
Richard Cordes IBM
Ralph Cullen State Farm
Steven de la Vaux U.S. Bank
Jonathan Ericson Bentley University
Jean Fox US Bureau of Labor Statistics
Erin Friess University of North Texas
Douglas J. Gillan North Carolina State University
Morten Hertzum University of Copenhagen
Tharon Howard Clemson University
William Hudson Syntagm Ltd
Wonil Hwang Soongsil University
Philip Kortum Rice University
Caroline Jarrett Effortmark Ltd.
Mary Lalomia Facebook
Mary Lee NetApp
Beth Loring Loring Human Factors, LLC
Jen McGinn Veracode
Barbara Millet University of Miami
Ginny Redish Independent consultant
Carol Righi 1904labs
Bernard Rummel SAP SE
Jeff Sauro MeasuringU
Bob Schumacher Bold Insight Inc
Carol Smith Uber ATG
Carolyn Snyder Snyder Consulting
Ken Stern IBM (Retired)
Sarah J. Swierenga Michigan State University
Brian Traynor Mount Royal University
Brian Utesch IBM
Brian Wentz Shippensburg University
Han Zhang Amazon
Editorial Assistant
Sarah Harris Juvo Editing and Indexing Services, LLC
Production and Website
Josh Rosenberg DonorsChoose.org
UXPA Director of Publications
Claudia Gutierrez Universidad Católica de Chile
Editors in Chief Emeritus
Avi Parush (Founding Editor) Carleton University and Technion – Israel Institute of Technology
Joe Dumas Oracle
Marilyn Tremaine Rutgers University
Acknowledgements
The Journal of Usability Studies extends a special thank you to Susan Dray, Arnie Lund, Ginny Redish, Jakob Nielsen, and Jeff Rubin, whose guidance helped get JUS off the ground and evolve into what it has become today.
Editors in Chief
Bill Albert Bentley University
Jim Lewis IBM
Editorial Reviewers
Obead Alhadreti Umm Al-Qura University
Carol Barnum UX Firm
Jason Buhle AnswerLab and University of Southern California
Roberto Champney Louisiana State University
Christina Choi Georgia Institute of Technology
Gilbert Cockton Northumbria University
Richard Cordes IBM
Ralph Cullen State Farm
Steven de la Vaux U.S. Bank
Jonathan Ericson Bentley University
Jean Fox US Bureau of Labor Statistics
Erin Friess University of North Texas
Douglas J. Gillan North Carolina State University
Morten Hertzum University of Copenhagen
Tharon Howard Clemson University
William Hudson Syntagm Ltd
Wonil Hwang Soongsil University
Philip Kortum Rice University
Caroline Jarrett Effortmark Ltd.
Mary Lalomia Facebook
Mary Lee NetApp
Beth Loring Loring Human Factors, LLC
Jen McGinn Veracode
Barbara Millet University of Miami
Ginny Redish Independent consultant
Carol Righi 1904labs
Bernard Rummel SAP SE
Jeff Sauro MeasuringU
Bob Schumacher Bold Insight Inc
Carol Smith Uber ATG
Carolyn Snyder Snyder Consulting
Ken Stern IBM (Retired)
Sarah J. Swierenga Michigan State University
Brian Traynor Mount Royal University
Brian Utesch IBM
Brian Wentz Shippensburg University
Han Zhang Amazon
Editorial Assistant
Sarah Harris Juvo Editing and Indexing Services, LLC
Production and Website
Josh Rosenberg DonorsChoose.org
UXPA Director of Publications
Claudia Gutierrez Universidad Católica de Chile
Editors in Chief Emeritus
Avi Parush (Founding Editor) Carleton University and Technion – Israel Institute of Technology
Joe Dumas Oracle
Marilyn Tremaine Rutgers University
Acknowledgements
The Journal of Usability Studies extends a special thank you to Susan Dray, Arnie Lund, Ginny Redish, Jakob Nielsen, and Jeff Rubin, whose guidance helped get JUS off the ground and evolve into what it has become today.
Editors in Chief
Bill Albert Bentley University
Jim Lewis IBM
Editorial Reviewers
Obead Alhadreti Umm Al-Qura University
Carol Barnum UX Firm
Jason Buhle AnswerLab and University of Southern California
Roberto Champney Louisiana State University
Christina Choi Georgia Institute of Technology
Gilbert Cockton Northumbria University
Richard Cordes IBM
Ralph Cullen State Farm
Steven de la Vaux U.S. Bank
Jonathan Ericson Bentley University
Jean Fox US Bureau of Labor Statistics
Erin Friess University of North Texas
Douglas J. Gillan North Carolina State University
Morten Hertzum University of Copenhagen
Tharon Howard Clemson University
William Hudson Syntagm Ltd
Wonil Hwang Soongsil University
Philip Kortum Rice University
Caroline Jarrett Effortmark Ltd.
Mary Lalomia Facebook
Mary Lee NetApp
Beth Loring Loring Human Factors, LLC
Jen McGinn Veracode
Barbara Millet University of Miami
Ginny Redish Independent consultant
Carol Righi 1904labs
Bernard Rummel SAP SE
Jeff Sauro MeasuringU
Bob Schumacher Bold Insight Inc
Carol Smith Uber ATG
Carolyn Snyder Snyder Consulting
Ken Stern IBM (Retired)
Sarah J. Swierenga Michigan State University
Brian Traynor Mount Royal University
Brian Utesch IBM
Brian Wentz Shippensburg University
Han Zhang Amazon
Editorial Assistant
Sarah Harris Juvo Editing and Indexing Services, LLC
Production and Website
Josh Rosenberg DonorsChoose.org
UXPA Director of Publications
Claudia Gutierrez Universidad Católica de Chile
Editors in Chief Emeritus
Avi Parush (Founding Editor) Carleton University and Technion – Israel Institute of Technology
Joe Dumas Oracle
Marilyn Tremaine Rutgers University
Acknowledgements
The Journal of Usability Studies extends a special thank you to Susan Dray, Arnie Lund, Ginny Redish, Jakob Nielsen, and Jeff Rubin, whose guidance helped get JUS off the ground and evolve into what it has become today.
Editors in Chief
Bill Albert Bentley University
Jim Lewis IBM
Editorial Reviewers
Obead Alhadreti Umm Al-Qura University
Carol Barnum UX Firm
Jason Buhle AnswerLab and University of Southern California
Roberto Champney Louisiana State University
Christina Choi Georgia Institute of Technology
Gilbert Cockton Northumbria University
Richard Cordes IBM
Ralph Cullen State Farm
Steven de la Vaux U.S. Bank
Jonathan Ericson Bentley University
Jean Fox US Bureau of Labor Statistics
Erin Friess University of North Texas
Douglas J. Gillan North Carolina State University
Morten Hertzum University of Copenhagen
Tharon Howard Clemson University
William Hudson Syntagm Ltd
Wonil Hwang Soongsil University
Philip Kortum Rice University
Caroline Jarrett Effortmark Ltd.
Mary Lalomia Facebook
Mary Lee NetApp
Beth Loring Loring Human Factors, LLC
Jen McGinn Veracode
Barbara Millet University of Miami
Ginny Redish Independent consultant
Carol Righi 1904labs
Bernard Rummel SAP SE
Jeff Sauro MeasuringU
Bob Schumacher Bold Insight Inc
Carol Smith Uber ATG
Carolyn Snyder Snyder Consulting
Ken Stern IBM (Retired)
Sarah J. Swierenga Michigan State University
Brian Traynor Mount Royal University
Brian Utesch IBM
Brian Wentz Shippensburg University
Han Zhang Amazon
Editorial Assistant
Sarah Harris Juvo Editing and Indexing Services, LLC
Production and Website
Josh Rosenberg DonorsChoose.org
UXPA Director of Publications
Claudia Gutierrez Universidad Católica de Chile
Editors in Chief Emeritus
Avi Parush (Founding Editor) Carleton University and Technion – Israel Institute of Technology
Joe Dumas Oracle
Marilyn Tremaine Rutgers University
Acknowledgements
The Journal of Usability Studies extends a special thank you to Susan Dray, Arnie Lund, Ginny Redish, Jakob Nielsen, and Jeff Rubin, whose guidance helped get JUS off the ground and evolve into what it has become today.
Editors in Chief
Bill Albert Bentley University
Jim Lewis IBM
Editorial Reviewers
Obead Alhadreti Umm Al-Qura University
Carol Barnum UX Firm
Jason Buhle AnswerLab and University of Southern California
Roberto Champney Louisiana State University
Christina Choi Georgia Institute of Technology
Gilbert Cockton Northumbria University
Richard Cordes IBM
Ralph Cullen State Farm
Steven de la Vaux U.S. Bank
Jonathan Ericson Bentley University
Jean Fox US Bureau of Labor Statistics
Erin Friess University of North Texas
Douglas J. Gillan North Carolina State University
Morten Hertzum University of Copenhagen
Tharon Howard Clemson University
William Hudson Syntagm Ltd
Wonil Hwang Soongsil University
Philip Kortum Rice University
Caroline Jarrett Effortmark Ltd.
Mary Lalomia Facebook
Mary Lee NetApp
Beth Loring Loring Human Factors, LLC
Jen McGinn Veracode
Barbara Millet University of Miami
Ginny Redish Independent consultant
Carol Righi 1904labs
Bernard Rummel SAP SE
Jeff Sauro MeasuringU
Bob Schumacher Bold Insight Inc
Carol Smith Uber ATG
Carolyn Snyder Snyder Consulting
Ken Stern IBM (Retired)
Sarah J. Swierenga Michigan State University
Brian Traynor Mount Royal University
Brian Utesch IBM
Brian Wentz Shippensburg University
Han Zhang Amazon
Editorial Assistant
Sarah Harris Juvo Editing and Indexing Services, LLC
Production and Website
Josh Rosenberg DonorsChoose.org
UXPA Director of Publications
Claudia Gutierrez Universidad Católica de Chile
Editors in Chief Emeritus
Avi Parush (Founding Editor) Carleton University and Technion – Israel Institute of Technology
Joe Dumas Oracle
Marilyn Tremaine Rutgers University
Acknowledgements
The Journal of Usability Studies extends a special thank you to Susan Dray, Arnie Lund, Ginny Redish, Jakob Nielsen, and Jeff Rubin, whose guidance helped get JUS off the ground and evolve into what it has become today.
Editors in Chief
Bill Albert Bentley University
Jim Lewis IBM
Editorial Reviewers
Obead Alhadreti Umm Al-Qura University
Carol Barnum UX Firm
Jason Buhle AnswerLab and University of Southern California
Roberto Champney Louisiana State University
Christina Choi Georgia Institute of Technology
Gilbert Cockton Northumbria University
Richard Cordes IBM
Ralph Cullen State Farm
Steven de la Vaux U.S. Bank
Jonathan Ericson Bentley University
Jean Fox US Bureau of Labor Statistics
Erin Friess University of North Texas
Douglas J. Gillan North Carolina State University
Morten Hertzum University of Copenhagen
Tharon Howard Clemson University
William Hudson Syntagm Ltd
Wonil Hwang Soongsil University
Philip Kortum Rice University
Caroline Jarrett Effortmark Ltd.
Mary Lalomia Facebook
Mary Lee NetApp
Beth Loring Loring Human Factors, LLC
Jen McGinn Veracode
Barbara Millet University of Miami
Ginny Redish Independent consultant
Carol Righi 1904labs
Bernard Rummel SAP SE
Jeff Sauro MeasuringU
Bob Schumacher Bold Insight Inc
Carol Smith Uber ATG
Carolyn Snyder Snyder Consulting
Ken Stern IBM (Retired)
Sarah J. Swierenga Michigan State University
Brian Traynor Mount Royal University
Brian Utesch IBM
Brian Wentz Shippensburg University
Han Zhang Amazon
Editorial Assistant
Sarah Harris Juvo Editing and Indexing Services, LLC
Production and Website
Josh Rosenberg DonorsChoose.org
UXPA Director of Publications
Claudia Gutierrez Universidad Católica de Chile
Editors in Chief Emeritus
Avi Parush (Founding Editor) Carleton University and Technion – Israel Institute of Technology
Joe Dumas Oracle
Marilyn Tremaine Rutgers University
Acknowledgements
The Journal of Usability Studies extends a special thank you to Susan Dray, Arnie Lund, Ginny Redish, Jakob Nielsen, and Jeff Rubin, whose guidance helped get JUS off the ground and evolve into what it has become today.
Editors in Chief
Bill Albert Bentley University
Jim Lewis IBM
Editorial Reviewers
Obead Alhadreti Umm Al-Qura University
Carol Barnum UX Firm
Jason Buhle AnswerLab and University of Southern California
Roberto Champney Louisiana State University
Christina Choi Georgia Institute of Technology
Gilbert Cockton Northumbria University
Richard Cordes IBM
Ralph Cullen State Farm
Steven de la Vaux U.S. Bank
Jonathan Ericson Bentley University
Jean Fox US Bureau of Labor Statistics
Erin Friess University of North Texas
Douglas J. Gillan North Carolina State University
Morten Hertzum University of Copenhagen
Tharon Howard Clemson University
William Hudson Syntagm Ltd
Wonil Hwang Soongsil University
Philip Kortum Rice University
Caroline Jarrett Effortmark Ltd.
Mary Lalomia Facebook
Mary Lee NetApp
Beth Loring Loring Human Factors, LLC
Jen McGinn Veracode
Barbara Millet University of Miami
Ginny Redish Independent consultant
Carol Righi 1904labs
Bernard Rummel SAP SE
Jeff Sauro MeasuringU
Bob Schumacher Bold Insight Inc
Carol Smith Uber ATG
Carolyn Snyder Snyder Consulting
Ken Stern IBM (Retired)
Sarah J. Swierenga Michigan State University
Brian Traynor Mount Royal University
Brian Utesch IBM
Brian Wentz Shippensburg University
Han Zhang Amazon
Editorial Assistant
Sarah Harris Juvo Editing and Indexing Services, LLC
Production and Website
Josh Rosenberg DonorsChoose.org
UXPA Director of Publications
Claudia Gutierrez Universidad Católica de Chile
Editors in Chief Emeritus
Avi Parush (Founding Editor) Carleton University and Technion – Israel Institute of Technology
Joe Dumas Oracle
Marilyn Tremaine Rutgers University
Acknowledgements
The Journal of Usability Studies extends a special thank you to Susan Dray, Arnie Lund, Ginny Redish, Jakob Nielsen, and Jeff Rubin, whose guidance helped get JUS off the ground and evolve into what it has become today.
Editors in Chief
Bill Albert Bentley University
Jim Lewis IBM
Editorial Reviewers
Obead Alhadreti Umm Al-Qura University
Carol Barnum UX Firm
Jason Buhle AnswerLab and University of Southern California
Roberto Champney Louisiana State University
Christina Choi Georgia Institute of Technology
Gilbert Cockton Northumbria University
Richard Cordes IBM
Ralph Cullen State Farm
Steven de la Vaux U.S. Bank
Jonathan Ericson Bentley University
Jean Fox US Bureau of Labor Statistics
Erin Friess University of North Texas
Douglas J. Gillan North Carolina State University
Morten Hertzum University of Copenhagen
Tharon Howard Clemson University
William Hudson Syntagm Ltd
Wonil Hwang Soongsil University
Philip Kortum Rice University
Caroline Jarrett Effortmark Ltd.
Mary Lalomia Facebook
Mary Lee NetApp
Beth Loring Loring Human Factors, LLC
Jen McGinn Veracode
Barbara Millet University of Miami
Ginny Redish Independent consultant
Carol Righi 1904labs
Bernard Rummel SAP SE
Jeff Sauro MeasuringU
Bob Schumacher Bold Insight Inc
Carol Smith Uber ATG
Carolyn Snyder Snyder Consulting
Ken Stern IBM (Retired)
Sarah J. Swierenga Michigan State University
Brian Traynor Mount Royal University
Brian Utesch IBM
Brian Wentz Shippensburg University
Han Zhang Amazon
Editorial Assistant
Sarah Harris Juvo Editing and Indexing Services, LLC
Production and Website
Josh Rosenberg DonorsChoose.org
UXPA Director of Publications
Claudia Gutierrez Universidad Católica de Chile
Editors in Chief Emeritus
Avi Parush (Founding Editor) Carleton University and Technion – Israel Institute of Technology
Joe Dumas Oracle
Marilyn Tremaine Rutgers University
Acknowledgements
The Journal of Usability Studies extends a special thank you to Susan Dray, Arnie Lund, Ginny Redish, Jakob Nielsen, and Jeff Rubin, whose guidance helped get JUS off the ground and evolve into what it has become today.
Editors in Chief
Bill Albert Bentley University
Jim Lewis IBM
Editorial Reviewers
Obead Alhadreti Umm Al-Qura University
Carol Barnum UX Firm
Jason Buhle AnswerLab and University of Southern California
Roberto Champney Louisiana State University
Christina Choi Georgia Institute of Technology
Gilbert Cockton Northumbria University
Richard Cordes IBM
Ralph Cullen State Farm
Steven de la Vaux U.S. Bank
Jonathan Ericson Bentley University
Jean Fox US Bureau of Labor Statistics
Erin Friess University of North Texas
Douglas J. Gillan North Carolina State University
Morten Hertzum University of Copenhagen
Tharon Howard Clemson University
William Hudson Syntagm Ltd
Wonil Hwang Soongsil University
Philip Kortum Rice University
Caroline Jarrett Effortmark Ltd.
Mary Lalomia Facebook
Mary Lee NetApp
Beth Loring Loring Human Factors, LLC
Jen McGinn Veracode
Barbara Millet University of Miami
Ginny Redish Independent consultant
Carol Righi 1904labs
Bernard Rummel SAP SE
Jeff Sauro MeasuringU
Bob Schumacher Bold Insight Inc
Carol Smith Uber ATG
Carolyn Snyder Snyder Consulting
Ken Stern IBM (Retired)
Sarah J. Swierenga Michigan State University
Brian Traynor Mount Royal University
Brian Utesch IBM
Brian Wentz Shippensburg University
Han Zhang Amazon
Editorial Assistant
Sarah Harris Juvo Editing and Indexing Services, LLC
Production and Website
Josh Rosenberg DonorsChoose.org
UXPA Director of Publications
Claudia Gutierrez Universidad Católica de Chile
Editors in Chief Emeritus
Avi Parush (Founding Editor) Carleton University and Technion – Israel Institute of Technology
Joe Dumas Oracle
Marilyn Tremaine Rutgers University
Acknowledgements
The Journal of Usability Studies extends a special thank you to Susan Dray, Arnie Lund, Ginny Redish, Jakob Nielsen, and Jeff Rubin, whose guidance helped get JUS off the ground and evolve into what it has become today.
Editors in Chief
Bill Albert Bentley University
Jim Lewis IBM
Editorial Reviewers
Obead Alhadreti Umm Al-Qura University
Carol Barnum UX Firm
Jason Buhle AnswerLab and University of Southern California
Roberto Champney Louisiana State University
Christina Choi Georgia Institute of Technology
Gilbert Cockton Northumbria University
Richard Cordes IBM
Ralph Cullen State Farm
Steven de la Vaux U.S. Bank
Jonathan Ericson Bentley University
Jean Fox US Bureau of Labor Statistics
Erin Friess University of North Texas
Douglas J. Gillan North Carolina State University
Morten Hertzum University of Copenhagen
Tharon Howard Clemson University
William Hudson Syntagm Ltd
Wonil Hwang Soongsil University
Philip Kortum Rice University
Caroline Jarrett Effortmark Ltd.
Mary Lalomia Facebook
Mary Lee NetApp
Beth Loring Loring Human Factors, LLC
Jen McGinn Veracode
Barbara Millet University of Miami
Ginny Redish Independent consultant
Carol Righi 1904labs
Bernard Rummel SAP SE
Jeff Sauro MeasuringU
Bob Schumacher Bold Insight Inc
Carol Smith Uber ATG
Carolyn Snyder Snyder Consulting
Ken Stern IBM (Retired)
Sarah J. Swierenga Michigan State University
Brian Traynor Mount Royal University
Brian Utesch IBM
Brian Wentz Shippensburg University
Han Zhang Amazon
Editorial Assistant
Sarah Harris Juvo Editing and Indexing Services, LLC
Production and Website
Josh Rosenberg DonorsChoose.org
UXPA Director of Publications
Claudia Gutierrez Universidad Católica de Chile
Editors in Chief Emeritus
Avi Parush (Founding Editor) Carleton University and Technion – Israel Institute of Technology
Joe Dumas Oracle
Marilyn Tremaine Rutgers University
Acknowledgements
The Journal of Usability Studies extends a special thank you to Susan Dray, Arnie Lund, Ginny Redish, Jakob Nielsen, and Jeff Rubin, whose guidance helped get JUS off the ground and evolve into what it has become today.
Editors in Chief
Bill Albert Bentley University
Jim Lewis IBM
Editorial Reviewers
Obead Alhadreti Umm Al-Qura University
Carol Barnum UX Firm
Jason Buhle AnswerLab and University of Southern California
Roberto Champney Louisiana State University
Christina Choi Georgia Institute of Technology
Gilbert Cockton Northumbria University
Richard Cordes IBM
Ralph Cullen State Farm
Steven de la Vaux U.S. Bank
Jonathan Ericson Bentley University
Jean Fox US Bureau of Labor Statistics
Erin Friess University of North Texas
Douglas J. Gillan North Carolina State University
Morten Hertzum University of Copenhagen
Tharon Howard Clemson University
William Hudson Syntagm Ltd
Wonil Hwang Soongsil University
Philip Kortum Rice University
Caroline Jarrett Effortmark Ltd.
Mary Lalomia Facebook
Mary Lee NetApp
Beth Loring Loring Human Factors, LLC
Jen McGinn Veracode
Barbara Millet University of Miami
Ginny Redish Independent consultant
Carol Righi 1904labs
Bernard Rummel SAP SE
Jeff Sauro MeasuringU
Bob Schumacher Bold Insight Inc
Carol Smith Uber ATG
Carolyn Snyder Snyder Consulting
Ken Stern IBM (Retired)
Sarah J. Swierenga Michigan State University
Brian Traynor Mount Royal University
Brian Utesch IBM
Brian Wentz Shippensburg University
Han Zhang Amazon
Editorial Assistant
Sarah Harris Juvo Editing and Indexing Services, LLC
Production and Website
Josh Rosenberg DonorsChoose.org
UXPA Director of Publications
Claudia Gutierrez Universidad Católica de Chile
Editors in Chief Emeritus
Avi Parush (Founding Editor) Carleton University and Technion – Israel Institute of Technology
Joe Dumas Oracle
Marilyn Tremaine Rutgers University
Acknowledgements
The Journal of Usability Studies extends a special thank you to Susan Dray, Arnie Lund, Ginny Redish, Jakob Nielsen, and Jeff Rubin, whose guidance helped get JUS off the ground and evolve into what it has become today.
Editors in Chief
Bill Albert Bentley University
Jim Lewis IBM
Editorial Reviewers
Obead Alhadreti Umm Al-Qura University
Carol Barnum UX Firm
Jason Buhle AnswerLab and University of Southern California
Roberto Champney Louisiana State University
Christina Choi Georgia Institute of Technology
Gilbert Cockton Northumbria University
Richard Cordes IBM
Ralph Cullen State Farm
Steven de la Vaux U.S. Bank
Jonathan Ericson Bentley University
Jean Fox US Bureau of Labor Statistics
Erin Friess University of North Texas
Douglas J. Gillan North Carolina State University
Morten Hertzum University of Copenhagen
Tharon Howard Clemson University
William Hudson Syntagm Ltd
Wonil Hwang Soongsil University
Philip Kortum Rice University
Caroline Jarrett Effortmark Ltd.
Mary Lalomia Facebook
Mary Lee NetApp
Beth Loring Loring Human Factors, LLC
Jen McGinn Veracode
Barbara Millet University of Miami
Ginny Redish Independent consultant
Carol Righi 1904labs
Bernard Rummel SAP SE
Jeff Sauro MeasuringU
Bob Schumacher Bold Insight Inc
Carol Smith Uber ATG
Carolyn Snyder Snyder Consulting
Ken Stern IBM (Retired)
Sarah J. Swierenga Michigan State University
Brian Traynor Mount Royal University
Brian Utesch IBM
Brian Wentz Shippensburg University
Han Zhang Amazon
Editorial Assistant
Sarah Harris Juvo Editing and Indexing Services, LLC
Production and Website
Josh Rosenberg DonorsChoose.org
UXPA Director of Publications
Claudia Gutierrez Universidad Católica de Chile
Editors in Chief Emeritus
Avi Parush (Founding Editor) Carleton University and Technion – Israel Institute of Technology
Joe Dumas Oracle
Marilyn Tremaine Rutgers University
Acknowledgements
The Journal of Usability Studies extends a special thank you to Susan Dray, Arnie Lund, Ginny Redish, Jakob Nielsen, and Jeff Rubin, whose guidance helped get JUS off the ground and evolve into what it has become today.
Editors in Chief
Bill Albert Bentley University
Jim Lewis IBM
Editorial Reviewers
Obead Alhadreti Umm Al-Qura University
Carol Barnum UX Firm
Jason Buhle AnswerLab and University of Southern California
Roberto Champney Louisiana State University
Christina Choi Georgia Institute of Technology
Gilbert Cockton Northumbria University
Richard Cordes IBM
Ralph Cullen State Farm
Steven de la Vaux U.S. Bank
Jonathan Ericson Bentley University
Jean Fox US Bureau of Labor Statistics
Erin Friess University of North Texas
Douglas J. Gillan North Carolina State University
Morten Hertzum University of Copenhagen
Tharon Howard Clemson University
William Hudson Syntagm Ltd
Wonil Hwang Soongsil University
Philip Kortum Rice University
Caroline Jarrett Effortmark Ltd.
Mary Lalomia Facebook
Mary Lee NetApp
Beth Loring Loring Human Factors, LLC
Jen McGinn Veracode
Barbara Millet University of Miami
Ginny Redish Independent consultant
Carol Righi 1904labs
Bernard Rummel SAP SE
Jeff Sauro MeasuringU
Bob Schumacher Bold Insight Inc
Carol Smith Uber ATG
Carolyn Snyder Snyder Consulting
Ken Stern IBM (Retired)
Sarah J. Swierenga Michigan State University
Brian Traynor Mount Royal University
Brian Utesch IBM
Brian Wentz Shippensburg University
Han Zhang Amazon
Editorial Assistant
Sarah Harris Juvo Editing and Indexing Services, LLC
Production and Website
Josh Rosenberg DonorsChoose.org
UXPA Director of Publications
Claudia Gutierrez Universidad Católica de Chile
Editors in Chief Emeritus
Avi Parush (Founding Editor) Carleton University and Technion – Israel Institute of Technology
Joe Dumas Oracle
Marilyn Tremaine Rutgers University
Acknowledgements
The Journal of Usability Studies extends a special thank you to Susan Dray, Arnie Lund, Ginny Redish, Jakob Nielsen, and Jeff Rubin, whose guidance helped get JUS off the ground and evolve into what it has become today.
Editors in Chief
Bill Albert Bentley University
Jim Lewis IBM
Editorial Reviewers
Obead Alhadreti Umm Al-Qura University
Carol Barnum UX Firm
Jason Buhle AnswerLab and University of Southern California
Roberto Champney Louisiana State University
Christina Choi Georgia Institute of Technology
Gilbert Cockton Northumbria University
Richard Cordes IBM
Ralph Cullen State Farm
Steven de la Vaux U.S. Bank
Jonathan Ericson Bentley University
Jean Fox US Bureau of Labor Statistics
Erin Friess University of North Texas
Douglas J. Gillan North Carolina State University
Morten Hertzum University of Copenhagen
Tharon Howard Clemson University
William Hudson Syntagm Ltd
Wonil Hwang Soongsil University
Philip Kortum Rice University
Caroline Jarrett Effortmark Ltd.
Mary Lalomia Facebook
Mary Lee NetApp
Beth Loring Loring Human Factors, LLC
Jen McGinn Veracode
Barbara Millet University of Miami
Ginny Redish Independent consultant
Carol Righi 1904labs
Bernard Rummel SAP SE
Jeff Sauro MeasuringU
Bob Schumacher Bold Insight Inc
Carol Smith Uber ATG
Carolyn Snyder Snyder Consulting
Ken Stern IBM (Retired)
Sarah J. Swierenga Michigan State University
Brian Traynor Mount Royal University
Brian Utesch IBM
Brian Wentz Shippensburg University
Han Zhang Amazon
Editorial Assistant
Sarah Harris Juvo Editing and Indexing Services, LLC
Production and Website
Josh Rosenberg DonorsChoose.org
UXPA Director of Publications
Claudia Gutierrez Universidad Católica de Chile
Editors in Chief Emeritus
Avi Parush (Founding Editor) Carleton University and Technion – Israel Institute of Technology
Joe Dumas Oracle
Marilyn Tremaine Rutgers University
Acknowledgements
The Journal of Usability Studies extends a special thank you to Susan Dray, Arnie Lund, Ginny Redish, Jakob Nielsen, and Jeff Rubin, whose guidance helped get JUS off the ground and evolve into what it has become today.
Editors in Chief
Bill Albert Bentley University
Jim Lewis IBM
Editorial Reviewers
Obead Alhadreti Umm Al-Qura University
Carol Barnum UX Firm
Jason Buhle AnswerLab and University of Southern California
Roberto Champney Louisiana State University
Christina Choi Georgia Institute of Technology
Gilbert Cockton Northumbria University
Richard Cordes IBM
Ralph Cullen State Farm
Steven de la Vaux U.S. Bank
Jonathan Ericson Bentley University
Jean Fox US Bureau of Labor Statistics
Erin Friess University of North Texas
Douglas J. Gillan North Carolina State University
Morten Hertzum University of Copenhagen
Tharon Howard Clemson University
William Hudson Syntagm Ltd
Wonil Hwang Soongsil University
Philip Kortum Rice University
Caroline Jarrett Effortmark Ltd.
Mary Lalomia Facebook
Mary Lee NetApp
Beth Loring Loring Human Factors, LLC
Jen McGinn Veracode
Barbara Millet University of Miami
Ginny Redish Independent consultant
Carol Righi 1904labs
Bernard Rummel SAP SE
Jeff Sauro MeasuringU
Bob Schumacher Bold Insight Inc
Carol Smith Uber ATG
Carolyn Snyder Snyder Consulting
Ken Stern IBM (Retired)
Sarah J. Swierenga Michigan State University
Brian Traynor Mount Royal University
Brian Utesch IBM
Brian Wentz Shippensburg University
Han Zhang Amazon
Editorial Assistant
Sarah Harris Juvo Editing and Indexing Services, LLC
Production and Website
Josh Rosenberg DonorsChoose.org
UXPA Director of Publications
Claudia Gutierrez Universidad Católica de Chile
Editors in Chief Emeritus
Avi Parush (Founding Editor) Carleton University and Technion – Israel Institute of Technology
Joe Dumas Oracle
Marilyn Tremaine Rutgers University
Acknowledgements
The Journal of Usability Studies extends a special thank you to Susan Dray, Arnie Lund, Ginny Redish, Jakob Nielsen, and Jeff Rubin, whose guidance helped get JUS off the ground and evolve into what it has become today.
Editors in Chief
Bill Albert Bentley University
Jim Lewis IBM
Editorial Reviewers
Obead Alhadreti Umm Al-Qura University
Carol Barnum UX Firm
Jason Buhle AnswerLab and University of Southern California
Roberto Champney Louisiana State University
Christina Choi Georgia Institute of Technology
Gilbert Cockton Northumbria University
Richard Cordes IBM
Ralph Cullen State Farm
Steven de la Vaux U.S. Bank
Jonathan Ericson Bentley University
Jean Fox US Bureau of Labor Statistics
Erin Friess University of North Texas
Douglas J. Gillan North Carolina State University
Morten Hertzum University of Copenhagen
Tharon Howard Clemson University
William Hudson Syntagm Ltd
Wonil Hwang Soongsil University
Philip Kortum Rice University
Caroline Jarrett Effortmark Ltd.
Mary Lalomia Facebook
Mary Lee NetApp
Beth Loring Loring Human Factors, LLC
Jen McGinn Veracode
Barbara Millet University of Miami
Ginny Redish Independent consultant
Carol Righi 1904labs
Bernard Rummel SAP SE
Jeff Sauro MeasuringU
Bob Schumacher Bold Insight Inc
Carol Smith Uber ATG
Carolyn Snyder Snyder Consulting
Ken Stern IBM (Retired)
Sarah J. Swierenga Michigan State University
Brian Traynor Mount Royal University
Brian Utesch IBM
Brian Wentz Shippensburg University
Han Zhang Amazon
Editorial Assistant
Sarah Harris Juvo Editing and Indexing Services, LLC
Production and Website
Josh Rosenberg DonorsChoose.org
UXPA Director of Publications
Claudia Gutierrez Universidad Católica de Chile
Editors in Chief Emeritus
Avi Parush (Founding Editor) Carleton University and Technion – Israel Institute of Technology
Joe Dumas Oracle
Marilyn Tremaine Rutgers University
Acknowledgements
The Journal of Usability Studies extends a special thank you to Susan Dray, Arnie Lund, Ginny Redish, Jakob Nielsen, and Jeff Rubin, whose guidance helped get JUS off the ground and evolve into what it has become today.
Editors in Chief
Bill Albert Bentley University
Jim Lewis IBM
Editorial Reviewers
Obead Alhadreti Umm Al-Qura University
Carol Barnum UX Firm
Jason Buhle AnswerLab and University of Southern California
Roberto Champney Louisiana State University
Christina Choi Georgia Institute of Technology
Gilbert Cockton Northumbria University
Richard Cordes IBM
Ralph Cullen State Farm
Steven de la Vaux U.S. Bank
Jonathan Ericson Bentley University
Jean Fox US Bureau of Labor Statistics
Erin Friess University of North Texas
Douglas J. Gillan North Carolina State University
Morten Hertzum University of Copenhagen
Tharon Howard Clemson University
William Hudson Syntagm Ltd
Wonil Hwang Soongsil University
Philip Kortum Rice University
Caroline Jarrett Effortmark Ltd.
Mary Lalomia Facebook
Mary Lee NetApp
Beth Loring Loring Human Factors, LLC
Jen McGinn Veracode
Barbara Millet University of Miami
Ginny Redish Independent consultant
Carol Righi 1904labs
Bernard Rummel SAP SE
Jeff Sauro MeasuringU
Bob Schumacher Bold Insight Inc
Carol Smith Uber ATG
Carolyn Snyder Snyder Consulting
Ken Stern IBM (Retired)
Sarah J. Swierenga Michigan State University
Brian Traynor Mount Royal University
Brian Utesch IBM
Brian Wentz Shippensburg University
Han Zhang Amazon
Editorial Assistant
Sarah Harris Juvo Editing and Indexing Services, LLC
Production and Website
Josh Rosenberg DonorsChoose.org
UXPA Director of Publications
Claudia Gutierrez Universidad Católica de Chile
Editors in Chief Emeritus
Avi Parush (Founding Editor) Carleton University and Technion – Israel Institute of Technology
Joe Dumas Oracle
Marilyn Tremaine Rutgers University
Acknowledgements
The Journal of Usability Studies extends a special thank you to Susan Dray, Arnie Lund, Ginny Redish, Jakob Nielsen, and Jeff Rubin, whose guidance helped get JUS off the ground and evolve into what it has become today.
Editors in Chief
Bill Albert Bentley University
Jim Lewis IBM
Editorial Reviewers
Obead Alhadreti Umm Al-Qura University
Carol Barnum UX Firm
Jason Buhle AnswerLab and University of Southern California
Roberto Champney Louisiana State University
Christina Choi Georgia Institute of Technology
Gilbert Cockton Northumbria University
Richard Cordes IBM
Ralph Cullen State Farm
Steven de la Vaux U.S. Bank
Jonathan Ericson Bentley University
Jean Fox US Bureau of Labor Statistics
Erin Friess University of North Texas
Douglas J. Gillan North Carolina State University
Morten Hertzum University of Copenhagen
Tharon Howard Clemson University
William Hudson Syntagm Ltd
Wonil Hwang Soongsil University
Philip Kortum Rice University
Caroline Jarrett Effortmark Ltd.
Mary Lalomia Facebook
Mary Lee NetApp
Beth Loring Loring Human Factors, LLC
Jen McGinn Veracode
Barbara Millet University of Miami
Ginny Redish Independent consultant
Carol Righi 1904labs
Bernard Rummel SAP SE
Jeff Sauro MeasuringU
Bob Schumacher Bold Insight Inc
Carol Smith Uber ATG
Carolyn Snyder Snyder Consulting
Ken Stern IBM (Retired)
Sarah J. Swierenga Michigan State University
Brian Traynor Mount Royal University
Brian Utesch IBM
Brian Wentz Shippensburg University
Han Zhang Amazon
Editorial Assistant
Sarah Harris Juvo Editing and Indexing Services, LLC
Production and Website
Josh Rosenberg DonorsChoose.org
UXPA Director of Publications
Claudia Gutierrez Universidad Católica de Chile
Editors in Chief Emeritus
Avi Parush (Founding Editor) Carleton University and Technion – Israel Institute of Technology
Joe Dumas Oracle
Marilyn Tremaine Rutgers University
Acknowledgements
The Journal of Usability Studies extends a special thank you to Susan Dray, Arnie Lund, Ginny Redish, Jakob Nielsen, and Jeff Rubin, whose guidance helped get JUS off the ground and evolve into what it has become today.
Editors in Chief
Bill Albert Bentley University
Jim Lewis IBM
Editorial Reviewers
Obead Alhadreti Umm Al-Qura University
Carol Barnum UX Firm
Jason Buhle AnswerLab and University of Southern California
Roberto Champney Louisiana State University
Christina Choi Georgia Institute of Technology
Gilbert Cockton Northumbria University
Richard Cordes IBM
Ralph Cullen State Farm
Steven de la Vaux U.S. Bank
Jonathan Ericson Bentley University
Jean Fox US Bureau of Labor Statistics
Erin Friess University of North Texas
Douglas J. Gillan North Carolina State University
Morten Hertzum University of Copenhagen
Tharon Howard Clemson University
William Hudson Syntagm Ltd
Wonil Hwang Soongsil University
Philip Kortum Rice University
Caroline Jarrett Effortmark Ltd.
Mary Lalomia Facebook
Mary Lee NetApp
Beth Loring Loring Human Factors, LLC
Jen McGinn Veracode
Barbara Millet University of Miami
Ginny Redish Independent consultant
Carol Righi 1904labs
Bernard Rummel SAP SE
Jeff Sauro MeasuringU
Bob Schumacher Bold Insight Inc
Carol Smith Uber ATG
Carolyn Snyder Snyder Consulting
Ken Stern IBM (Retired)
Sarah J. Swierenga Michigan State University
Brian Traynor Mount Royal University
Brian Utesch IBM
Brian Wentz Shippensburg University
Han Zhang Amazon
Editorial Assistant
Sarah Harris Juvo Editing and Indexing Services, LLC
Production and Website
Josh Rosenberg DonorsChoose.org
UXPA Director of Publications
Claudia Gutierrez Universidad Católica de Chile
Editors in Chief Emeritus
Avi Parush (Founding Editor) Carleton University and Technion – Israel Institute of Technology
Joe Dumas Oracle
Marilyn Tremaine Rutgers University
Acknowledgements
The Journal of Usability Studies extends a special thank you to Susan Dray, Arnie Lund, Ginny Redish, Jakob Nielsen, and Jeff Rubin, whose guidance helped get JUS off the ground and evolve into what it has become today.
Editors in Chief
Bill Albert Bentley University
Jim Lewis IBM
Editorial Reviewers
Obead Alhadreti Umm Al-Qura University
Carol Barnum UX Firm
Jason Buhle AnswerLab and University of Southern California
Roberto Champney Louisiana State University
Christina Choi Georgia Institute of Technology
Gilbert Cockton Northumbria University
Richard Cordes IBM
Ralph Cullen State Farm
Steven de la Vaux U.S. Bank
Jonathan Ericson Bentley University
Jean Fox US Bureau of Labor Statistics
Erin Friess University of North Texas
Douglas J. Gillan North Carolina State University
Morten Hertzum University of Copenhagen
Tharon Howard Clemson University
William Hudson Syntagm Ltd
Wonil Hwang Soongsil University
Philip Kortum Rice University
Caroline Jarrett Effortmark Ltd.
Mary Lalomia Facebook
Mary Lee NetApp
Beth Loring Loring Human Factors, LLC
Jen McGinn Veracode
Barbara Millet University of Miami
Ginny Redish Independent consultant
Carol Righi 1904labs
Bernard Rummel SAP SE
Jeff Sauro MeasuringU
Bob Schumacher Bold Insight Inc
Carol Smith Uber ATG
Carolyn Snyder Snyder Consulting
Ken Stern IBM (Retired)
Sarah J. Swierenga Michigan State University
Brian Traynor Mount Royal University
Brian Utesch IBM
Brian Wentz Shippensburg University
Han Zhang Amazon
Editorial Assistant
Sarah Harris Juvo Editing and Indexing Services, LLC
Production and Website
Josh Rosenberg DonorsChoose.org
UXPA Director of Publications
Claudia Gutierrez Universidad Católica de Chile
Editors in Chief Emeritus
Avi Parush (Founding Editor) Carleton University and Technion – Israel Institute of Technology
Joe Dumas Oracle
Marilyn Tremaine Rutgers University
Acknowledgements
The Journal of Usability Studies extends a special thank you to Susan Dray, Arnie Lund, Ginny Redish, Jakob Nielsen, and Jeff Rubin, whose guidance helped get JUS off the ground and evolve into what it has become today.
Editors in Chief
Bill Albert Bentley University
Jim Lewis IBM
Editorial Reviewers
Obead Alhadreti Umm Al-Qura University
Carol Barnum UX Firm
Jason Buhle AnswerLab and University of Southern California
Roberto Champney Louisiana State University
Christina Choi Georgia Institute of Technology
Gilbert Cockton Northumbria University
Richard Cordes IBM
Ralph Cullen State Farm
Steven de la Vaux U.S. Bank
Jonathan Ericson Bentley University
Jean Fox US Bureau of Labor Statistics
Erin Friess University of North Texas
Douglas J. Gillan North Carolina State University
Morten Hertzum University of Copenhagen
Tharon Howard Clemson University
William Hudson Syntagm Ltd
Wonil Hwang Soongsil University
Philip Kortum Rice University
Caroline Jarrett Effortmark Ltd.
Mary Lalomia Facebook
Mary Lee NetApp
Beth Loring Loring Human Factors, LLC
Jen McGinn Veracode
Barbara Millet University of Miami
Ginny Redish Independent consultant
Carol Righi 1904labs
Bernard Rummel SAP SE
Jeff Sauro MeasuringU
Bob Schumacher Bold Insight Inc
Carol Smith Uber ATG
Carolyn Snyder Snyder Consulting
Ken Stern IBM (Retired)
Sarah J. Swierenga Michigan State University
Brian Traynor Mount Royal University
Brian Utesch IBM
Brian Wentz Shippensburg University
Han Zhang Amazon
Editorial Assistant
Sarah Harris Juvo Editing and Indexing Services, LLC
Production and Website
Josh Rosenberg DonorsChoose.org
UXPA Director of Publications
Claudia Gutierrez Universidad Católica de Chile
Editors in Chief Emeritus
Avi Parush (Founding Editor) Carleton University and Technion – Israel Institute of Technology
Joe Dumas Oracle
Marilyn Tremaine Rutgers University
Acknowledgements
The Journal of Usability Studies extends a special thank you to Susan Dray, Arnie Lund, Ginny Redish, Jakob Nielsen, and Jeff Rubin, whose guidance helped get JUS off the ground and evolve into what it has become today.
Editors in Chief
Bill Albert Bentley University
Jim Lewis IBM
Editorial Reviewers
Obead Alhadreti Umm Al-Qura University
Carol Barnum UX Firm
Jason Buhle AnswerLab and University of Southern California
Roberto Champney Louisiana State University
Christina Choi Georgia Institute of Technology
Gilbert Cockton Northumbria University
Richard Cordes IBM
Ralph Cullen State Farm
Steven de la Vaux U.S. Bank
Jonathan Ericson Bentley University
Jean Fox US Bureau of Labor Statistics
Erin Friess University of North Texas
Douglas J. Gillan North Carolina State University
Morten Hertzum University of Copenhagen
Tharon Howard Clemson University
William Hudson Syntagm Ltd
Wonil Hwang Soongsil University
Philip Kortum Rice University
Caroline Jarrett Effortmark Ltd.
Mary Lalomia Facebook
Mary Lee NetApp
Beth Loring Loring Human Factors, LLC
Jen McGinn Veracode
Barbara Millet University of Miami
Ginny Redish Independent consultant
Carol Righi 1904labs
Bernard Rummel SAP SE
Jeff Sauro MeasuringU
Bob Schumacher Bold Insight Inc
Carol Smith Uber ATG
Carolyn Snyder Snyder Consulting
Ken Stern IBM (Retired)
Sarah J. Swierenga Michigan State University
Brian Traynor Mount Royal University
Brian Utesch IBM
Brian Wentz Shippensburg University
Han Zhang Amazon
Editorial Assistant
Sarah Harris Juvo Editing and Indexing Services, LLC
Production and Website
Josh Rosenberg DonorsChoose.org
UXPA Director of Publications
Claudia Gutierrez Universidad Católica de Chile
Editors in Chief Emeritus
Avi Parush (Founding Editor) Carleton University and Technion – Israel Institute of Technology
Joe Dumas Oracle
Marilyn Tremaine Rutgers University
Acknowledgements
The Journal of Usability Studies extends a special thank you to Susan Dray, Arnie Lund, Ginny Redish, Jakob Nielsen, and Jeff Rubin, whose guidance helped get JUS off the ground and evolve into what it has become today.